In this research, both Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and optical satellite data are used independently to evaluate the urban expansion, thermal change (Land Surface Temperature (LST)/Urban Heat Island (UHI)), and particulate air quality (PM$_{10}$) ten-year forecasts for Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India for the decade 2014–2024. The Sentinel-1 C-band SAR data (backscatter amplitude $\sigma^{\circ}$ and interferometric coherence $\gamma$) provide a cloud-penetrating and structurally-based evaluation of urban extent. The data used include Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS, which are used for supervised classification of land use and land cover (LULC) by maximum likelihood. The maximum likelihood classification (MLC) and LST retrieval using Mono-Window Algorithm (MWA). The both sensors are processed through independent analytical pipelines and offering corroborating lines of evidence for urban change. The results show important environmental changes: There was an increase in urban area of +28.3 km$^2$ (+3.9%). agricultural land increased by +55.9 km$^2$ (+8.15%), while forest cover declined sharply by -83.1 km$^2$ (-12.05%)—figures with area adjusted uncertainty estimates. The mean LST increased by $\sim$+3.0 °C over the study transect, with mean annual air temperature rising from 21.22 °C to 24.21 °C (+14.1%), which is in line with the rise in temperature at the station, confirming intensification of the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI). The concentration of PM$_{10}$ at all the three Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) monitoring stations it was consistently found that levels of SO$_2$ exceeded the national annual standard for India (60 $\mu$g/m$^3$) by 2.5–2.7 times throughout the study period. These are analyzed in a framework of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which links to Identified land cover change to environmental impact pathways, management implications and policies Himalayan Mountain cities suggestions for urban planning, green space protection and air quality control.

Flexible inflatable structures play an important role in emergency sealing and protection systems where rapid deployment and adaptive contact with complex boundaries are required. However, the operational performance of inflatable sealing systems is strongly influenced by the coupled interaction among internal pressure evolution, nonlinear membrane deformation, and interface contact behaviour under confined conditions. This study investigates the pressure-deformation-contact coupling behaviour of a Z-fold inflatable barrier during the sealing process of an underground tunnel. A nonlinear finite element model was developed using ABAQUS, in which the Yeoh hyperelastic constitutive model was adopted to describe the large deformation behaviour of the membrane material. The inflation process was simulated using the fluid cavity method, and the interaction between the inflatable membrane and tunnel boundary was defined through contact analysis. The evolution of structural morphology, stress distribution, volume variation, and contact development was systematically analysed to reveal the coupled mechanical response of the sealing system. The results showed that the deployment process consisted of three successive stages, including gravitational descent, inflation-driven expansion, and stable sealing. The complete deployment process was achieved within approximately 30 s. The maximum von Mises stress during inflation was 12.15 MPa, while the stabilized stress decreased to approximately 10.13 MPa, remaining considerably below the material tensile strength of 200 MPa. The airbag volume increased from 0.16 m³ to 5.79 m³, and the final contact area with the tunnel wall reached 4.55 m², corresponding to a sealing coverage rate of 81.3%. The results indicate that the sealing performance of inflatable tunnel barriers is governed by the coupled evolution of pressure loading, nonlinear structural deformation, and boundary contact interaction. This study provides new insights into the multiphysics response mechanism of flexible inflatable systems and offers a numerical basis for the design and optimization of rapid-response sealing devices in underground engineering applications.

Signalized intersections often cause congestion. Factors contributing to congestion include the high proportion of intersections operating beyond their capacity and malfunctioning traffic signals. This study aims to develop a sustainable model for signalized intersections in border areas. Primary data were collected by calculating the number of motorized vehicles at each intersection and obtaining expert opinions through focus group discussions (FGDs) to determine the relevant attributes and dimensions. The results from the five signalized intersections show that the Salabenda intersection achieved the highest technological dimension score (72.33%), indicating that technological sustainability is well developed and measurable. The Semplak intersection also demonstrated a strong technological dimension (62.36%), reflecting the implementation of measurable traffic management technology. The Bubulak intersection obtained a social dimension score of 57.71%, indicating that social sustainability, including accessibility and public service aspects, is relatively well implemented. The POMAD intersection achieved an ecological dimension score of 59.44%, showing that environmental considerations are becoming more prominent in traffic management. In the institutional dimension, the Bubulak intersection scored 50.00%, indicating that institutional coordination and management are moderately measurable. Meanwhile, the Ciawi intersection obtained the lowest score in the economic dimension (42.97%), suggesting that economic sustainability still requires improvement. The new simulation model produced four scenarios: sustaining intersection functions through technology, collaborative management of transportation infrastructure for both road and rail systems, and sustainable accessibility control based on the characteristics of border areas. Strengthening the institutional dimension, including interregional cooperation, requires more effective policy and decision-making processes. The novelty of this research lies in the system model node (SYSMODE) concept. This single-point system concept provides benefits across all five sustainability dimensions. The implementation of this five-dimensional model at each intersection must be carried out properly and in a controlled manner. The proposed model is expected to improve the performance of signalized intersections for both road and rail transportation, supported by complete and measurable infrastructure facilities in border areas.

Nonlinear plasma evolution in microgravity cannot be reliably characterized under terrestrial gravity because buoyancy-driven convection modifies or suppresses the intrinsic instability mechanisms. Consequently, the predictive design and safe operation of electromagnetically actuated plasma engineering systems require a unified theoretical framework capable of distinguishing gravity-independent behavior from phenomena that emerge only under microgravity conditions. A microgravity nonlinear plasma platform was therefore established as a multi-physics governance framework that defines the physical and mathematical conditions under which nonlinear plasma evolution becomes microgravity-dependent while providing quantitative criteria for operational stability. A dimensionless governance ratio was introduced as the principal classification metric, coupling the electromagnetic control bandwidth with the nonlinear instability growth rate. The framework was further integrated with a three-tier distributed intelligent governance of stabilized plasmas supervisory architecture, through which electromagnetic actuation, thermal-ionization energy balance, and structural boundary response are coordinated across multiple interacting physical domains. Three operating regimes were thereby defined: admissible (R > 10), marginal (1 < R ≤ 10), and runaway (R ≤ 1), each associated with prescribed electromagnetic control actions, a diagnostic latency constraint, and mandatory termination logic. An analytical microgravity threshold was derived. Recent observations from the Plasma Kristall-4 (PK-4) complex plasma facility aboard the International Space Station (ISS) were shown to be consistent with the predicted emergence of field-aligned filamentary structures and anisotropic nonlinear transport under reduced-gravity conditions. Finally, five quantitative and experimentally falsifiable predictions were formulated to establish a systematic validation pathway for future microgravity plasma experiments. Collectively, the proposed framework provides a rigorous theoretical foundation for the analysis, governance, and engineering design of high-energy-density plasma systems operating in microgravity and establishes a general methodology for the development of next-generation plasma propulsion technologies, advanced confinement architectures, and reaction-boundary control systems in coupled multi-physics environments.