To investigate the variation in the diffusion patterns of natural gas leaks in the Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) system, with the aim of formulating appropriate emergency response strategies and minimizing accident losses, a study was conducted on the gas leak issues of oil and gas processing equipment in the FPSO upper module. A consequence prediction and assessment model was established based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. Sixteen working conditions and one control working condition were developed to simulate the diffusion characteristics of combustible gas leaks. The simulations provided insights into the gas leakage patterns under different conditions and identified the most hazardous scenario for gas leaks in the FPSO upper module. The results indicate that the density and shape of the equipment within the upper module significantly influence the diffusion outcome. After a leak, high concentrations of combustible gas were observed near the crude oil heat exchanger skid in Industrial Zone II. The effects of individual factors on gas diffusion were significant, and the interactions among multiple factors were complex. Wind speed had a more pronounced effect on longitudinal gas diffusion compared to wind direction and leak aperture, while wind direction significantly influenced lateral gas diffusion. The leak aperture, on the other hand, had a more substantial impact on vertical gas diffusion.

The thermal behavior and fluid dynamics of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials (NEPCM) in enclosed systems have been investigated using numerical simulations, focusing on the effects of time-varying temperature profiles and nanoparticle concentration. The analysis reveals that the inclusion of nanoparticles significantly enhances the fluid flow velocity and streamlining within the enclosure, particularly for aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), copper oxide (CuO), and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. The results indicate that an increase in nanoparticle concentration leads to an acceleration in fluid flow and improved heat transfer efficiency, with distinct phase change dynamics observed across different concentrations. The study demonstrates that nanomaterials hold substantial potential for enhancing the thermal performance of NEPCM systems. These enhancements can contribute to greater efficiency in thermal energy storage (TES) and heat transfer processes, particularly in industrial applications requiring energy optimization. The findings align with previous research, emphasizing the positive correlation between nanoparticle concentration and velocity streamlining. This work provides valuable insights for the future exploration of different nanoparticle types and concentrations, paving the way for the development of more efficient NEPCM systems in advanced thermal systems.

The study aimed to compare the effects of thermal stratification ($S$), anisotropic parameters ($k^*$ and $\theta$), and buoyancy force distribution parameter ($m^*$) on natural convection in fluids characterized by high and low Prandtl numbers. The second-order coupled partial differential equations governing the problem were initially converted into ordinary differential equations through the Laplace transform technique. The D'Alembert method was then applied to systematically decouple these equations without altering their original order. Subsequently, the closed-form solutions in the Laplace domain were transformed into their respective time domains using a numerical scheme based on the Riemann sum algorithm. The research established that reverse flow is feasible under certain conditions, occurring more rapidly in fluids with lower Prandtl numbers. Additionally, it was observed that an increase in $k^*$ and $S$ reduces skin friction on the bounding plates, whereas an increase in $\theta$ enhances skin friction on both channel walls.

The provision of fresh, drinkable water is essential for human survival. Solar stills, devices that utilize solar energy to produce pure water, face the disadvantage of low productivity. This study proposes a novel solar still design aimed at enhancing thermal performance through the incorporation of stepped types and additional modifications, such as the integration of magnets, to further augment thermal efficiency. Experimental evaluations were conducted outdoors under the climatic conditions of Thi-Qar throughout the year 2023. The findings indicate that solar stills with the innovative stepped design achieved a productivity increase of 39.329% and 31.745%, respectively, compared to conventional designs. Furthermore, the inclusion of magnets resulted in an additional enhancement of 136.2% in productivity compared to the same design without magnets. Solar evaporation is highly regarded for passive water desalination due to its abundant resources, high efficiency, and lack of carbon emissions. Recent advancements have seen the development of bio-inspired solar evaporators that efficiently harvest solar energy and convert it into heat. However, challenges persist regarding the relatively low freshwater production rate and harvesting efficiency. Key areas for improvement include the absorption properties of the evaporator material and the evaporation efficiency of saline water. Water evaporation primarily occurs at the top surface of saline water, with the rate significantly influenced by the temperature difference between the evaporating surface and the surrounding atmosphere. To achieve a substantial temperature difference, broad-band solar absorbers with advanced microstructures have been designed to enhance solar absorptance and minimize heat loss via radiation on evaporating surfaces. Despite the development of sophisticated photothermal materials and evaporators, practical solar evaporation under simple fabrication processes remains elusive.

The increasing shift towards sustainable and net-zero targets has heightened interest in substituting hydrogen for natural gas in gas turbines and combined cycle power plants. This study investigates the compressibility of hydrogen within gas compressors, situated upstream of gas turbines, particularly when blended with various gases. Emphasis was placed on the inherent properties of hydrogen, including its behavior under compression, susceptibility to material embrittlement, and the influence of its gas characteristics on compressor performance. An extensive examination of prevalent compression methods, notably centrifugal compressors, was conducted to evaluate their efficacy in managing hydrogen at varying blend ratios. Issues related to material compatibility and safety were highlighted, alongside the formulation of reliable compression processes crucial for hydrogen-rich gas mixtures. Operational challenges posed by different hydrogen fuel proportions were identified, with proposed solutions including the implementation of precision control systems or the introduction of innovative materials. The study culminates in a discussion on prospective research directions and necessary technologies for effective hydrogen-rich gasification compression technology. The findings offer critical insights for ongoing initiatives aimed at enhancing and promoting hydrogen compression technology, facilitating the integration of hydrogen into existing infrastructures and supporting the sustainable development of the energy sector.

As populations expand and cities grow, the horizontal development of sustainable initiatives, coupled with the preservation of natural resources and the shift towards agricultural ventures, has led to an increased necessity for road lighting to mitigate traffic accidents. The burgeoning field of photovoltaic (PV) energy is significantly altering the energy paradigm, gaining prominence within regional energy mixes and power systems. This study presents an examination of various off-grid solar PV system designs for the illumination of the Kuwaiti roundabout, highlighting the distinct differences among these approaches. Through mathematical modeling and subsequent validation via PVsyst software, the focus is placed on sophisticated light emitting diode (LED) street lighting systems featuring automatic controls powered by solar energy. LEDs, acclaimed for their energy efficiency and longevity, are progressively supplanting traditional lighting technologies worldwide. This investigation explores multiple system configurations, transitioning from centralized systems employing sodium flashlights to autonomous systems with LED lamps. Key challenges such as power consumption, spatial limitations, and network load considerations are addressed. Innovative solutions including dual-voltage lamps and charge controllers are introduced, pinpointing optimal design strategies for roadway applications, which have implications for sustainable urban lighting paradigms. Additionally, the proposal of a solar-powered searchlight underscores potential cost-effectiveness, reflecting the continuous evolution of solar lighting technologies. Collectively, the findings underscore the crucial role of comprehensive design considerations in achieving efficient and sustainable lighting solutions within urban settings.

An evaluation of renewable energy system (RES) adoption in Hopedale, Newfoundland and Labrador, was conducted with the focus on developing a robust hybrid microgrid system. Situated in a remote area distinguished by its severe weather and rich cultural history, Hopedale primarily relies on diesel generators for energy, presenting unique challenges including high energy costs and significant environmental impacts. The current reliance on three diesel generators for electrical needs underscores the necessity for a shift towards sustainable energy. Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) Pro simulations were employed in this study to analyze a proposed system integrating solar and wind power, battery storage, and an additional diesel generator. The system's design aims to reduce dependency on fossil fuels amidst increasing environmental concerns and fossil fuel limitations. The environmental performance and cost-effectiveness of combining solar and wind energy with battery storage and a diesel backup were assessed. The hybrid system's potential to decrease carbon emissions by over 50% compared to the existing diesel-only setup is demonstrated, suggesting a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Although the economic Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of \$0.182 per kWh is higher than the traditional diesel cost of $0.16 per kWh, it represents a strategic commitment to environmental sustainability. A Net Present Cost (NPC) of \$14.6 million was predicted for the system, encompassing Capital Expenditure (CAPEX), Operational Expenditure (OPEX), and replacement cost over 25 years. Significant reductions in environmental impact and notable operational savings were anticipated. These findings contribute valuable insights into the benefits of hybrid microgrids for remote communities, offering a model for energy resilience, cost savings, and reduced carbon footprints. Thus, the study adds significant information to the ongoing discourse on sustainable energy solutions for isolated locations.

This study conducts a numerical investigation into the heat transfer enhancement of $\mathrm{Fe}_3 \mathrm{O}_4$-distilled water nanofluid within a magnetically influenced environment. The research is centered on the analysis of the impact of varying magnetic field strengths on the heat transfer characteristics in a controlled tube setting. The tube, possessing an inner diameter of 25.4 mm and a length of 210 mm, serves as the medium for the flow of nanofluid, initially at 300 K. The influence of magnetism on the nanofluid's thermal boundary layer and the formation of fluid vortices is meticulously examined, leveraging the application of magnetic fields ranging from one to three Teslas. In this context, the study observes the behavior of magnetic particles under these fields, revealing their attraction or repulsion, subsequently inducing turbulence and modifying flow patterns. It is noted that increased flow velocities tend to shield the magnetic field's thermal effects. A key focus is placed on the Nusselt number and $\mathrm{Y}^{+}$ as indicators of heat transfer efficiency, both of which demonstrate significant variations with changes in the magnetic field strength and fluid velocity. The Nusselt number, in particular, escalates to a peak value of 128.7 when exposed to a 0.1 m/s flow velocity and a magnetic field of 3 Teslas. The findings suggest an interrelation between increased magnetic field strengths and the entrance of the fluid into a turbulent state, thereby facilitating an efficient temperature transfer to the fluid. Notably, this research sheds light on the prospect of using ferrofluid-based cooling systems in electrical equipment, highlighting the potential of magnetically manipulated nanofluids to enhance heat transfer capabilities. The investigation delineates how the interplay between magnetic fields, fluid velocity, and nanofluid properties can be optimized for improved thermal management in various applications.

This investigation examines the effects of varied nanoparticle concentrations, such as zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), on the mass fraction and melting characteristics within nano-enhanced phase change materials (NEPCMs). Employing numerical simulations via ANSYS-FLUENT, the study explores these dynamics within a square enclosure subjected to distinct thermal gradients. The enclosure, measuring 10cm×10cm, incorporates a heat-supplying wall, partitioned into quarters, each exhibiting a unique temperature gradient. This setup provides a comprehensive understanding of boundary conditions relevant to NEPCM behavior. The focus lies on a comparative analysis of NEPCM’s thermal properties under varying nanoparticle concentrations: 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 weight percent. A low-temperature wall, lined with paraffin wax and integrated with these nanomaterials, facilitates the assessment of their impact on the phase change materials (PCMs). Remarkably, an inverse relationship is observed between nanoparticle concentration and mass fraction, ranging from 0.86 to 0.08. This finding underscores the significant role of nanoparticle integration in modulating NEPCM properties. Among the nanoparticles studied, CuO emerges as the most efficacious in enhancing melting due to its low density and high thermal conductivity. The temperature distribution profile within the paraffin wax shifts from a dispersed state to a more uniform and curved pattern upon nanoparticle incorporation. Such a transformation indicates an improved thermal response of the NEPCM system. The implications of this study are manifold, extending to the design and optimization of thermal energy storage systems. These insights are particularly valuable for applications in energy conservation within buildings, solar energy equipment, transportation, and storage solutions. The research elucidates the criticality of selecting appropriate nanoparticle concentrations for achieving desired phase change properties in NEPCM-based systems. Furthermore, it contributes to a deeper understanding of how nanoparticle characteristics influence the thermal behavior of PCMs, thus offering a guide for future innovations in this field.