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International Journal of Transport Development and Integration
IJKIS
International Journal of Transport Development and Integration (IJTDI)
IR2IS
ISSN (print): 2058-8305
ISSN (online): 2058-8313
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2026: Vol. 10
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International Journal of Transport Development and Integration (IJTDI) is a peer-reviewed open-access journal dedicated to advancing research on the design, operation, development, and integration of modern transportation systems. The journal provides a platform for high-quality studies that improve mobility efficiency, safety, sustainability, and accessibility across all transport modes. IJTDI supports interdisciplinary contributions integrating perspectives from transportation engineering, urban planning, economics, data science, and environmental studies. Topics of interest include intelligent transport systems, multimodal logistics, infrastructure monitoring and management, low-carbon mobility solutions, and resilient network planning in both urban and regional contexts. Committed to rigorous peer-review standards, research integrity, and timely dissemination of knowledge, IJTDI is published quarterly by Acadlore, with issues released in March, June, September, and December.

  • Professional Editorial Standards - Every submission undergoes a rigorous and well-structured peer-review and editorial process, ensuring integrity, fairness, and adherence to the highest publication standards.

  • Efficient Publication - Streamlined review, editing, and production workflows enable the timely publication of accepted articles while ensuring scientific quality and reliability.

  • Gold Open Access - All articles are freely and immediately accessible worldwide, maximising visibility, dissemination, and research impact.

Editor(s)-in-chief（2）
giorgio passerini
Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy
g.passerini@staff.univpm.it | website
Research interests: Environmental Modeling; Transport properties and equilibrium properties of Fluids
zhigang xu
School of Information Engineering, Chang’an University, China
xuzhigang@chd.edu.cn | website
Research interests: Intelligent Transportation System; Internet of Vehicles and Autonomous Driving; Vehicle–Road Collaboration; Intelligent Vehicle Diagnostics

Aims & Scope

Aims

International Journal of Transport Development and Integration (IJTDI) is an international peer-reviewed open-access journal dedicated to advancing knowledge on the planning, development, design, and integration of transportation systems across all modes. The journal provides a platform for high-quality research that enhances transport efficiency, safety, accessibility, and sustainability in the context of rapid global urbanisation and mobility transitions.

IJTDI encourages interdisciplinary contributions spanning transportation engineering, urban and regional planning, infrastructure management, data analytics, environmental assessment, and transport economics. The journal welcomes conceptual, empirical, and applied studies that address multimodal coordination, intelligent transport systems, green mobility solutions, logistics optimisation, and resilience strategies for mobility networks.

Through its commitment to connecting academic insight with practical transport development needs, IJTDI promotes rigorous research that informs policy decisions, infrastructure planning, and technology-driven improvements to meet future mobility demands. Contributions that propose modelling frameworks, evaluation tools, and planning strategies to support equitable, adaptable, and climate-conscious transport systems are particularly valued.

Key features of IJTDI include:

  • A strong emphasis on interdisciplinary research supporting sustainable and efficient mobility across all transport modes;

  • Support for innovations in intelligent transport systems, multimodal logistics, and infrastructure management;

  • Encouragement of studies bridging engineering solutions with urban planning, economics, and environmental policies;

  • Promotion of insights that improve accessibility, resilience, and climate adaptation in mobility systems;

  • A commitment to rigorous peer-review standards, research integrity, and responsible open-access dissemination.

Scope

The International Journal of Transport Development and Integration (IJTDI) encompasses a comprehensive range of topics related to the design, planning, operation, and optimisation of transportation systems. The journal welcomes high-quality contributions that address the challenges of integration, sustainability, efficiency, and resilience across diverse transport modes. The journal welcomes contributions covering, though not limited to, the following key areas:

  • Transport Planning, Policy, and Governance

    Research on transport strategy formulation, regional and urban transport planning, and governance frameworks that promote sustainable mobility. Topics include land-use integration, regulatory systems, transport finance, policy assessment, and institutional collaboration among transport stakeholders.

  • Urban and Public Transport Systems

    Studies addressing the development, management, and modernisation of public transport networks such as metro systems, trams, trolleybuses, and bus rapid transit (BRT). Areas include mobility design, accessibility, passenger experience, demand modelling, operations quality, and customer satisfaction.

  • Multimodal and Integrated Transport

    Explorations of multimodal transport coordination and seamless intermodal connectivity between road, rail, air, and maritime systems. This includes logistics integration, terminal design, scheduling optimisation, and digital communication between transport networks to enhance efficiency and reduce travel time.

  • Smart, Intelligent, and Automated Transport Systems

    Research focusing on intelligent transport systems (ITS), automation, and the use of digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, and digital twins for transport monitoring, safety control, and predictive maintenance.

  • Freight Transport and Logistics

    Analyses of freight mobility, logistics optimisation, and supply chain management. Topics include port operations, intermodal freight terminals, air cargo systems, regional distribution strategies, and energy-efficient logistics networks for sustainable economic development.

  • Maritime, Fluvial, and Port Systems

    Studies on marine and inland waterway transport, including shipping efficiency, cruise operations, port management, and integration between port infrastructure and urban environments. Topics also encompass environmental performance in maritime operations and innovation in port-city logistics.

  • Rail and Underground Transport

    Research on rail transport engineering, rolling stock dynamics, high-speed and freight rail operations, driverless and automatic train control systems, as well as metro and underground system development.

  • Air Transport Systems and Airport Management

    Comprehensive studies on air passenger and cargo transportation, air traffic management, airport planning, and access mode integration. Topics include airport site selection, capacity planning, airline scheduling, airport-environment interactions, and sustainable aviation technologies.

  • Infrastructure, Safety, and Maintenance

    Research on the planning, construction, and maintenance of transport infrastructure, including roads, bridges, tunnels, and railways. This area covers risk management, safety analysis, resilience engineering, and infrastructure asset management supported by modern sensing and communication technologies.

  • Energy, Environment, and Climate Impacts

    Studies investigating the relationship between transport systems, energy consumption, and environmental performance. Topics include energy efficiency, emissions reduction, pollution control, sustainable fuels, electric mobility, and strategies for mitigating the climate impacts of transportation.

  • Human Factors, Behaviour, and Social Dynamics

    Interdisciplinary research on user behaviour, travel demand, equity, and accessibility. This includes behavioral modeling, safety psychology, mobility in public spaces, and the social and economic impacts of transport systems on communities.

  • Education, Training, and Knowledge Dissemination

    Research on transport education, professional development, and dissemination of best practices. Topics include curriculum design for transport engineering, digital learning in mobility management, and capacity building for future transport professionals.

  • Complex Systems and Resilience in Transport

    Analyses of transport systems as complex adaptive networks, emphasising resilience, adaptability, and systemic optimisation. This includes modelling of disruptions, recovery strategies, and the integration of redundancy and flexibility into multimodal networks.

  • Case Studies and Applied Research

    Empirical and applied studies presenting real-world transport solutions and implementation experiences. IJTDI values contributions that demonstrate practical innovation, stakeholder collaboration, and measurable improvements in the efficiency and sustainability of transport systems.

Articles
Recent Articles
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Abstract

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Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) civil navigation messages (CNAVs) remain vulnerable to spoofing and meaconing due to their open broadcast nature. TrustCNAV, originally proposed as a certificateless aggregate authentication scheme, aims to provide efficient verification with low receiver overhead. However, its practical robustness under realistic deployment conditions remains insufficiently examined. This study presents a systematic security reassessment and a hardened redesign of TrustCNAV with particular attention to transport-relevant constraints. The analysis identifies critical vulnerabilities, including signing-key exposure under nonce reuse and forgery risks arising from unauthenticated public-parameter updates. To address these issues, an improved protocol variant is developed, incorporating deterministic nonce generation, authenticated parameter distribution, and epoch-consistent batch verification. In addition to protocol redesign, a bounded symbolic trace-exploration approach is introduced to evaluate the security properties of both the original and improved schemes. A communication overhead model at the bit level is also established to reflect CNAV bandwidth constraints. The results indicate that the improved design effectively mitigates the identified vulnerabilities while maintaining a pairing-free structure and acceptable computational cost. The findings highlight the importance of integrating protocol security with system-level considerations, particularly in transport environments where authentication delay and failure may directly affect operational safety.
Open Access
Research article
Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure in Sustainable Transport Systems: Technologies, Integration Challenges, and Optimisation Pathways
Sudhakar Madhavedi ,
kiran kumar algot ,
veda prakash vodnala ,
suresh soppari ,
Wong Chee Hoo ,
ravi varala
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Available online: 04-15-2026

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Electric vehicle (EV) technologies and charging infrastructure have developed rapidly, placing increasing pressure on transport systems to accommodate new forms of energy demand and mobility. While substantial progress has been made in individual technologies, system-level questions—particularly those related to infrastructure integration, interoperability, and coordination with energy networks—remain insufficiently addressed. This study provides a structured review of EV charging technologies and associated optimisation approaches from a transport systems perspective. Major charging modes, including conductive charging, wireless power transfer, and battery swapping, are examined in terms of their technical characteristics, deployment requirements, and suitability across different mobility contexts. The role of international standards is also considered, with emphasis on interoperability and the development of scalable, cross-regional charging networks. In addition, optimisation approaches are synthesised, focusing on charging station allocation, load management, and network coordination. These methods are discussed in relation to their capacity to improve accessibility, balance demand, and support the efficient operation of coupled transport–energy systems. Despite continued advances, several structural challenges persist, including uneven infrastructure distribution, limited standard alignment, and insufficient coordination between transport planning and energy management. Addressing these issues will be critical for enabling large-scale EV adoption and supporting the transition towards low-carbon and resilient mobility systems.
Open Access
Research article
Energy Demand and Solar Charging Feasibility of Off-Grid Hybrid Electric Motorcycles for Rural Applications
christian soolany ,
dhimas oki permata aji ,
sigit suwarto ,
setya permana sutisna ,
furqon ,
purwoko hari kuncoro
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Available online: 04-05-2026

Abstract

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Rural electric mobility in Indonesia remains constrained by limited charging infrastructure and unreliable access to grid electricity, particularly in remote areas where motorcycles are the dominant mode of daily transport. At the same time, Indonesia has strong year-round solar energy potential due to its equatorial location. Although solar photovoltaic (PV) charging has been widely recognised as a promising option for off-grid mobility, limited research has examined its suitability for hybrid electric motorcycles (HEM) under actual rural operating conditions. This study combines field measurements and simulation-based modelling to evaluate the daily energy demand of HEM and to assess the feasibility of PV-assisted off-grid charging in rural Central Java, Indonesia. The analysis shows that daily energy demand ranges from 1.2–1.5 kWh, depending on terrain, payload, and travel speed. Simulation results indicate that a system consisting of a 200 Wp PV module, a 1.5 kWh battery, and regenerative braking support can satisfy approximately 87% of daily energy demand during the rainy season and 97% during the dry season. These findings demonstrate the technical potential of solar-assisted HEM for rural transport and provide practical reference values for the design of decentralised off-grid charging systems.

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Urbanisation across Indonesia’s metropolitan regions has intensified pressure on transport systems, manifesting in persistent congestion, environmental degradation, and structural dependence on private vehicles. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated alignment between transport policy frameworks and the deployment of emerging mobility technologies. This study investigates how policy–technology integration shapes sustainable public transport use within metropolitan transport systems, with particular attention to the role of Urban Density in conditioning behavioural responses. A cross-sectional dataset was collected from 500 public transport users across eleven officially designated metropolitan regions in Indonesia. Structural relationships among key constructs were examined using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The analysis demonstrates that both transport policy instruments and digital mobility adoption exert significant influences on perceived service quality and user disposition towards public transport. Among these factors, perceived service quality emerges as the most direct determinant of sustained usage behaviour. In addition, Urban Density is found to significantly moderate the linkage between user disposition and actual behaviour, indicating that high-density metropolitan contexts strengthen the translation of preferences into consistent transport choices. The findings highlight the importance of integrating regulatory measures with digital mobility infrastructures to improve system-level performance and user experience in public transport networks. From a policy perspective, the study underscores the need for metropolitan authorities to adopt coordinated governance strategies that align technological deployment with service provision and spatial planning conditions. These insights contribute to ongoing discussions on sustainable urban mobility by situating behavioural outcomes within a broader transport system and policy integration framework.

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This study examines how electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure influences urban mobility performance in a Tier-II city, using Nizamabad in India as a case study. A structured survey was carried out with EV users—including two-wheeler riders and three-wheeler operators—to explore charging behaviour, accessibility to charging facilities, and the effects on daily travel patterns. The results show that limited charging availability, uneven station distribution, and long waiting times often disrupt trip continuity and reduce operational efficiency. These issues are especially pronounced among commercial operators, who depend on frequent charging to maintain daily service cycles. For them, infrastructure gaps directly affect service reliability and last-mile connectivity. In contrast, users with home charging facilities face far fewer disruptions, pointing to uneven impacts across different user groups. The findings indicate that charging infrastructure functions as a fundamental element of the urban transport system rather than an auxiliary service. A more deliberate alignment of charging stations with activity hubs and transport nodes would improve accessibility and support more stable mobility patterns. These observations underline the importance of coordinated infrastructure planning in facilitating the ongoing transition to electric mobility in emerging urban contexts.

Abstract

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In residential neighbourhoods, the provision of parking often fails to keep pace with increasing levels of private vehicle ownership. As a result, on-street parking becomes common practice, gradually affecting the functioning of local roads. This study looks at how parking availability and on-street parking behaviour are related to changes in residential road capacity. The analysis is based on a household survey of 215 residents, combined with direct observations of parking conditions and street layouts. Correlation analysis was applied to examine the links between parking supply, vehicle ownership, and actual parking practices. The findings indicate that limited parking provision is closely associated with a higher dependence on on-street parking, especially in areas characterised by smaller housing units with restricted garage space. In many cases, vehicles are parked for extended periods, and parking configurations such as perpendicular or irregular arrangements further reduce the usable width of the carriageway. This, in turn, makes vehicle manoeuvring more difficult and increases the likelihood of localised congestion and access-related conflicts. Differences in parking behaviour are also observed across households, with income level, housing type, and vehicle ownership shaping both parking demand and parking location choices. Taken together, the results suggest that parking conditions in residential areas should be understood as part of everyday transport performance rather than treated solely as a matter of spatial provision. Measures aimed at improving parking supply, managing on-street parking practices, and aligning residential design with actual patterns of vehicle ownership may help to ease pressure on local roads and improve overall traffic conditions at the neighbourhood scale.

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The rapid expansion of online motorcycle taxi services in Indonesia has been accompanied by a noticeable rise in traffic accidents, particularly in urban areas such as Semarang. In this context, driver-related factors appear to play a more decisive role than infrastructural conditions. This study examines the relationship between personality traits, driving behavior, and accident involvement among online motorcycle taxi drivers. Data were collected from 264 drivers and analyzed using partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that honesty-humility, emotionality, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience are associated with safer driving behavior, whereas extraversion is linked to riskier patterns. In turn, safer driving behavior is associated with a lower likelihood of accident involvement. By contrast, age and years of service do not show a consistent influence on driving behavior. Based on these findings, a set of behavior-oriented intervention strategies is outlined, with emphasis on aligning safety measures with individual personality profiles. Rather than focusing solely on regulatory enforcement, the results suggest that targeted behavioral approaches may offer a more effective pathway for reducing accident risk in urban motorcycle-based transport services.

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Encouraging travellers to shift from private vehicles to public transport remains a persistent challenge in many urban areas, particularly where bus systems struggle to compete with more flexible modes. This study examines how different dimensions of service quality influence the intention to shift toward urban bus systems. A survey of 650 respondents was conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, focusing on individuals currently relying on private or on-demand transport. A structural equation modelling approach was used to analyse the relationships between service attributes and behavioural intention. The results indicate that all service quality dimensions considered have a significant effect on mode shift intention, though their relative importance differs. Interpersonal aspects of service—particularly empathy and responsiveness—emerged as the strongest predictors, suggesting that user experience is shaped not only by operational performance but also by how passengers are treated. Reliability and tangible service features also contributed meaningfully, while accessibility and assurance played a more limited role. The model explained a substantial portion of the variance in behavioural intention, with an $R^2$ value exceeding 0.60. These findings point to the need for a more user-oriented approach in public transport planning. Improving operational performance alone may not be enough; how passengers experience service interactions matters just as much in shaping travel behaviour. For bus-based systems to become more competitive, attention to both service reliability and interpersonal quality appears essential. The study provides empirical support for strategies aimed at encouraging a sustained shift away from private transport in urban settings.
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