Integrating solar and wind energy into grid-connected electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) offers a promising pathway toward sustainable mobility by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, decreasing dependence on fossil fuels, and alleviating stress on power grids. This study systematically reviewed recent advancement in hybrid solar-wind systems to shed light on their design optimization, energy management strategies, techno-economic feasibility, and environmental impact. The review was conducted as per PRISMA 2020 guidelines, utilizing major databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect. A refined set of highly relevant studies from hundreds of screened publications was analysed, using standardized evaluation criteria to ensure comparability across different research outcomes. Findings indicated that grid-connected EVCS powered by hybrid renewable systems could enhance reliability, improve cost-effectiveness, and reduce substantial emissions. Advanced control techniques and energy management systems including artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, and optimization algorithms have demonstrated effectiveness in improving operational efficiency, supporting integration with storage systems, and enabling vehicle-to-grid (V2G) functions. Nevertheless, there are challenges regarding scalability, limited real-world validation, and a lack of standardized performance metrics. EVCSs, based on renewable energy, hold strong potential for supporting sustainable transportation infrastructure; therefore, future research should focus on long-term field demonstrations to develop benchmark datasets, and explore practical business models for V2G integration in order to accelerate large-scale adoption.
The growing reliance on air conditioning (AC) systems in residential and commercial buildings has led to significant increases in energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions, underscoring the need for cost-effective and sustainable cooling technologies. In this study, the feasibility and performance of a 1-horsepower (1 HP) non-inverter split-unit AC system assembled entirely from locally sourced components were evaluated under controlled residential conditions. Essential parts, including copper tubing, aluminum fins, compressor units, and refrigerant gases, were procured from regional suppliers and integrated following standard Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) design protocols. Performance tests were conducted across five rooms in a residential apartment-comprising a lounge (largest), masters bedroom, and three additional bedrooms of decreasing size-to assess cooling effectiveness. Using an infrared thermometer (IR8895), temperature metrics including saturation temperature, cooling rate, and peak cooling temperature were recorded. Initial room temperatures ranged from 23.5${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to 26.2${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, while final cooling temperatures ranged from 16.1${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to 16.9${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Cooling time increased progressively with room size, extending from 10 to 100 minutes. Corresponding saturation temperatures were observed at 24.9${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to 26.6${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, with saturation times between 3.24 and 5.43 minutes, and peak temperatures consistent with the final cooling levels. Calculated cooling loads were 28.8 W (small rooms), 47.0 W (medium rooms), and 65.93 W (large rooms), with respective power consumption values of 85.5 W, 142.6 W, and 199.6 W. The Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) and Coefficient of Performance (COP) were determined to be 9.25 and 2.7, respectively, across room types. The results indicated that the locally assembled split-unit AC system delivered competitive cooling performance relative to commercial equivalents, particularly in terms of thermal regulation, response time, and energy efficiency. The use of indigenous materials and components did not compromise operational reliability or compliance with HVAC standards. These findings support the viability of locally fabricated AC systems as a sustainable alternative for effective residential cooling in resource-constrained settings.
The effective implementation of subsidized fuel distribution for fishermen necessitates the coordinated involvement of multiple stakeholders to ensure equitable and efficient allocation. This study examines the roles, influences, and interactions of stakeholders in the distribution process, with the aim of formulating an optimal distribution strategy. A case study approach is employed, integrating qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews, participatory observation, focus group discussions, and document analysis. Stakeholder Mapping and a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis are utilized to assess stakeholder influence and interests. The findings indicate unanimous support for the subsidized fuel distribution policy in Kangkung Village, with no opposition identified among stakeholders. The Downstream Oil and Gas Regulatory Agency emerges as the most influential entity, while fishermen and the Mina Jaya Village Unit Cooperative exhibit the weakest capacity in policy implementation. Based on influence-interest analysis, key stakeholders include the Downstream Oil and Gas Regulatory Agency, Pertamina Patra Niaga (PPN), fuel distribution companies, and fishermen. Given these dynamics, an aggressive strategy is recommended for the Marine and Fisheries Service Office of Bandar Lampung City to enhance accessibility and ensure the efficient allocation of subsidized fuel. Strengthened collaboration between the Bandar Lampung City Government and fuel stations is identified as a critical measure to facilitate streamlined access to subsidized fuel for local fishermen.
Open Access
debjyoti bandyopadhyay 
, prasanna s. sutar , shailesh b. sonawane , sandeep rairikar , s. s. thipse , shubham tule , yogesh aghav , krishna lakshminarasimhan , sauhard singh , sumit kumar mishra , tapan bera , rajesh badhe |
Available online: 01-30-2025
The degradation of ambient air quality in urban regions of India has been exacerbated by the expansion of automobile fleets and stationary engines. In response, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), under directives from the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) and the National Green Tribunal (NGT), has implemented stricter emission norms, including CPCB IV+ standards for power generators. Concurrently, the escalating costs of diesel gensets, driven by the integration of advanced air-fuel systems and emissions control technologies, have necessitated the exploration of alternative fuels. Hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG), a blend of hydrogen and natural gas, has emerged as a promising solution for achieving low emissions while maintaining power performance. This study evaluates the application of an 18% HCNG blend in a genset engine initially compliant with CPCB II standards, achieving compliance with CPCB IV+ emission norms without requiring hardware modifications. Key calibration parameters, including injection timing, ignition timing, injection duration, and desired lambda, were optimized to ensure enhanced performance and emissions control. The in-cylinder combustion characteristics, including combustion pressure, temperature, rate of heat release (RoHR), and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), were thoroughly analysed for both Piped Natural Gas (PNG) and the HCNG blend. The results indicate that the HCNG blend significantly reduces emissions, with reductions of 66% in carbon monoxide (CO) and 74% in methane (CH₄) compared to PNG. These findings underscore the potential of HCNG to serve as a transitional fuel, bridging the gap towards the adoption of pure hydrogen technologies. This study demonstrates that HCNG can achieve substantial reductions in regulated emissions while supporting cleaner and more sustainable energy systems, positioning it as a viable alternative for stationary power generation applications.
District heating (DH) systems in Europe predominantly belong to the second and third generations, operating at temperatures often exceeding 100℃, which poses challenges for integrating renewable energy sources (RES). The feasibility of incorporating large-scale groundwater heat pumps into such systems was explored in this study, with a focus on adjusting the supply water temperature to thermal substations. This adjustment, achieved by lowering the temperature below design values in response to rising outdoor temperatures, facilitated the integration of RES and improved system efficiency. Additionally, groundwater or geothermal heat pumps enabled the effective utilisation of waste heat (WH) from industrial processes or excess heat from renewable sources, particularly during periods when the thermal demand of the DH system was insufficient to justify direct supply. This excess heat, once collected, can be stored in the ground and later retrieved for use during the heating season, contributing to the system's overall sustainability. The integration of seasonal thermal storage further enhances the operational flexibility of DH systems by allowing for the balancing of supply and demand over extended periods. The findings underscore the technical viability and environmental benefits of such integration, providing a pathway for the modernisation of DH infrastructure and the advancement of energy transition goals.
The European Union has introduced Renewable Energy Communities as a key component of its strategy to transform the energy sector, aiming to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This study presents case studies of Renewable Energy Communities based on numerical and experimental investigations across various application fields in Italy, highlighting different types of stakeholders and energy configurations. The implementation of RECs is subject to a range of challenges, including diverse procedural requirements, stakeholder roles, and legal and technical constraints, which must be addressed to secure approval from national authorities. The first case study examines a photovoltaic-based energy community in Southern Italy, designed to mitigate energy poverty by supporting families unable to meet their essential energy needs. A second case study explores the benefits of a Renewable Energy Community in the industrial area of Benevento (South of Italy), which integrates a mixed-use building with an industrial wastewater treatment plant, focusing on energy sharing and environmental sustainability. The final case study investigates a Renewable Energy Community that incorporates electric vehicle charging stations, demonstrating its potential to enhance their diffusion on the territory and increase the community's self-consumption rate. Overall, the establishment of a Renewable Energy Community provides superior outcomes compared to conventional configurations of end-users regardless of the application field or the typology of members, from an energy, environmental and economic viewpoint, with additional positive outcomes possible depending on local circumstances.
The development and implementation of a national geoportal designed to optimize the planning and management of integrated Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) is presented in this study. This innovative tool facilitates the identification of optimal energy system configurations by selecting available renewable resources and technologies and determining community membership based on assigned input parameters. These parameters include electrical load profiles, energy prices, renewable resource availability, technological characteristics, socio-economic conditions, and territorial constraints. A multi-objective optimization framework was employed to address energy, economic, environmental, and social priorities simultaneously. The methodology adopts a place-based approach, enabling the application of energy management and optimization models tailored to the specific characteristics of each case study and the corresponding input data. The proposed geoportal incorporates features such as flexibility, scalability, and applicability to real-world territorial contexts, while providing decision support to regional planners and stakeholders. Scalability was achieved through the integration and management of spatial and temporal datasets across varying scales. The study evaluates five scenarios, including the maximum renewable energy potential utilizing solar, wind, and biomass renewable energy sources (RES) technologies, and two REC scenarios emphasizing photovoltaic (PV) energy sharing between sectors, residential prosumers, and consumers. Performance metrics and indexes were employed to assess the energy, economic, environmental, and social benefits of RES generation, distribution, and sharing. The findings indicate that REC scenarios featuring energy sharing achieve higher levels of self-consumption and self-sufficiency compared to isolated configurations. Future iterations of the geoportal aim to extend its application to additional territories, thereby enhancing the self-sufficiency of Territorial Energy Communities (TECs) and advancing sustainable energy practices on a broader scale.
Open Access
emilio sessa , lorenza di pilla , roberta rincione , alberto brunetti , francesco guarino , maurizio cellura , sonia longo , eleonora riva sanseverino |
Available online: 12-29-2024
Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) represent a crucial component of the energy transition and the development of climate-neutral urban environments. Given their significance, ongoing refinement in the definition and implementation of PEDs is essential. An in-depth analysis of the key characteristics of PEDs and the central role of stakeholders in their planning and modelling was presented in this study. The analysis encompasses five primary technological domains: energy efficiency, energy flexibility, e-mobility, soft mobility, and low-carbon generation. Both the enablers and barriers within a holistic framework, which integrates sustainability, as well as both tangible and intangible quality attributes, were identified. Key enabling factors, such as financial, social, innovation, and governance aspects, were examined to illustrate their impact on the successful implementation of PEDs. A co-creation process, highlighted as an essential outcome, contributes to a more refined understanding of the state of the art in PED design and implementation. In addition to the technical dimensions, the social, ecological, and cultural factors were shown to play a significant role, underscoring the importance of stakeholder engagement in achieving urban decarbonization. It can be concluded that a multidimensional approach, which incorporates not only technological innovations but also socio-ecological considerations, is necessary to effectively address the challenges inherent in the deployment of PEDs.
The implementation of certain European Union (EU) directives into Italian national legislation through several legislative decrees has catalyzed the establishment of energy communities in Italy. In this context, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), in its capacity as a public research body, has developed a model of support aimed at facilitating the involvement of national stakeholders in the formation of energy communities. Smart Energy Communities (SECs), representing the evolution of both energy and smart communities, are seen as a convergence of these paradigms and as an enhancement of their proactive components. This study examines several technological solutions proposed by the ENEA model, which are instrumental in supporting the advancement of SECs. It also provides an overview of the key tools—either operational or under development—designed to fulfill the objectives of the model. The ENEA model places particular emphasis on fostering citizen engagement in energy-related matters, as well as on evaluating the progress of energy communities through both energy-specific metrics and broader social and environmental considerations. Through these innovations, the role of SECs as drivers of local energy transitions is reinforced, ensuring that the socio-economic and environmental benefits extend beyond the mere technical infrastructure of energy systems.
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) represent a promising bio-electrochemical technology with the potential for sustainable energy generation and environmental remediation. These systems exploit the metabolic processes of microorganisms to directly convert organic substrates into electrical energy, providing an environmentally benign alternative to traditional energy sources. The operation of MFCs relies on intricate biological and electrochemical interactions, where microorganisms transfer electrons to electrodes, generating an electric current. MFCs can be classified based on their configuration, electron transfer mechanisms, and operational conditions, each offering distinct advantages and limitations in different contexts. Recent developments in MFC technology have focused on improving power density, stability, and scalability. Innovations in electrode materials, biocatalysts, and reactor design have enhanced energy output, making MFCs more viable for real-world applications. Notably, MFCs show promise in wastewater treatment, as they can simultaneously degrade organic pollutants and generate electricity, thus offering a dual-function solution that contributes to both sustainable energy production and environmental cleanup. Despite these advances, several challenges persist, including the high cost of materials, limited power output, and the need for better integration into existing infrastructure. These issues hinder the widespread adoption of MFCs. Future research must focus on the development of cost-effective materials, the optimization of reactor design, and scaling the technology to achieve commercial feasibility. With continued innovation and refinement, MFCs hold the potential to play a transformative role in renewable energy systems and integrated waste management strategies, contributing to the broader goals of sustainable development.
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