Advancements in information technology have significantly enhanced productivity and efficiency through the adoption of cloud computing, yet this adoption has also introduced a spectrum of security threats. Effective cybersecurity mitigation strategies are imperative to minimize the impact on cloud infrastructure and ensure reliability. This study seeks to categorize and assess the risk levels of cybersecurity threats in cloud computing environments, providing a comprehensive characterization based on eleven major causes, including natural disasters, loss of encryption keys, unauthorized login access, and others. Using fuzzy set theory to analyze uncertainties and model threats, threats were identified, prioritized, and categorized according to their impact on cloud infrastructure. A high level of data loss was revealed in five key features, such as encryption key compromise and unauthorized login access, while a lower impact was observed in unknown cloud storage and exposure to sensitive data. Seven threat features, including encryption key loss and operating system failure, were found to significantly contribute to data breaches. In contrast, others like virtual machine sharing and impersonation, exhibited lower risk levels. A comparative analysis of threat mitigation techniques determined Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information Disclosure, Denial of Service and Elevation of Privilege (STRIDE) as the most effective methodology with a score of 59, followed by Quality Threat Modeling Methodology (QTMM) (57), Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) (51), Process for Attack Simulation and Threat Analysis (PASTA) (50), and Persona non-Grata (PnG) (47). Attack Tree and Hierarchical Threat Modeling Methodology (HTMM) each achieved 46, while Linkability, Identifiablility, Nonrepudiation, Detectability, Disclosure of Information, Unawareness and Noncompliance (LINDDUN) scored 45. These findings underscore the value of fuzzy set theory in tandem with threat modeling to categorize and assess cybersecurity risks in cloud computing. STRIDE is recommended as an effective modeling technique for cloud environments. This comprehensive analysis provides critical insights for organizations and security experts, empowering them to proactively address recurring threats and minimize disruptions to daily operations.

Dental implants (DIs) are prone to failure due to uncommon mechanical complications and fractures. Precise identification of implant fixture systems from periapical radiographs is imperative for accurate diagnosis and treatment, particularly in the absence of comprehensive medical records. Existing methods predominantly leverage spatial features derived from implant images using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, texture images exhibit distinctive patterns detectable as strong energy at specific frequencies in the frequency domain, a characteristic that motivates this study to employ frequency-domain analysis through a novel multi-branch spectral channel attention network (MBSCAN). High-frequency data obtained via a two-dimensional (2D) discrete cosine transform (DCT) are exploited to retain phase information and broaden the application of frequency-domain attention mechanisms. Fine-tuning of the multi-branch spectral channel attention (MBSCA) parameters is achieved through the modified aquila optimizer (MAO) algorithm, optimizing classification accuracy. Furthermore, pre-trained CNN architectures such as Visual Geometry Group (VGG) 16 and VGG19 are harnessed to extract features for classifying intact and fractured DIs from panoramic and periapical radiographs. The dataset comprises 251 radiographic images of intact DIs and 194 images of fractured DIs, meticulously selected from a pool of 21,398 DIs examined across two dental facilities. The proposed model has exhibited robust accuracy in detecting and classifying fractured DIs, particularly when relying exclusively on periapical images. The MBSCA-MAO scheme has demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving a classification accuracy of 95.7% with precision, recall, and F1-score values of 95.2%, 94.3%, and 95.6%, respectively. Comparative analysis indicates that the proposed model significantly surpasses existing methods, showcasing its superior efficacy in DI classification.

Named Entity Recognition (NER), a pivotal task in information extraction, is aimed at identifying named entities of various types within text. Traditional NER methods, however, often fall short in providing sufficient semantic representation of text and preserving word order information. Addressing these challenges, a novel approach is proposed, leveraging dual Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) based on multi-feature fusion. This approach constructs a co-occurrence graph and a dependency syntax graph from text sequences, capturing textual features from a dual-graph perspective to overcome the oversight of word interdependencies. Furthermore, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks (BiLSTMs) are utilized to encode text, addressing the issues of neglecting word order features and the difficulty in capturing contextual semantic information. Additionally, to enable the model to learn features across different subspaces and the varying degrees of information significance, a multi-head self-attention mechanism is introduced for calculating internal dependency weights within feature vectors. The proposed model achieves F1-scores of 84.85% and 96.34% on the CCKS-2019 and Resume datasets, respectively, marking improvements of 1.13 and 0.67 percentage points over baseline models. The results affirm the effectiveness of the presented method in enhancing performance on the NER task.

The diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer (BC) are significantly subject to medical imaging techniques, with segmentation being crucial in delineating pathological regions for precise diagnosis and treatment planning. This comprehensive analysis explores a variety of segmentation methodologies, encompassing classical, machine learning, deep learning (DL), and manual segmentation, as applied in the medical imaging field for BC detection. Classical segmentation techniques, which include edge-driven and threshold-driven segmentation, are highlighted for their utilization of filters and region-based methods to achieve precise delineation. Emphasis is placed on the establishment of clear guidelines for the selection and comparison of these classical approaches. Segmentation through machine learning is discussed, encompassing both unsupervised and supervised techniques that leverage annotated images and pathology reports for model training, with a focus on their efficacy in BC segmentation tasks. DL methods, especially models such as U-Net and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), are underscored for their remarkable efficiency in segmenting BC images, with U-Net models noted for their minimal requirement for annotated images and achieving accuracy levels up to 99.7%. Manual segmentation, though reliable, is identified as time-consuming and susceptible to errors. Various metrics, such as Dice, F-score, Intersection over Union (IOU), and Area Under the Curve (AUC), are used for assessing and comparing the segmentation techniques. The analysis acknowledges the challenges posed by limited dataset availability, data range inadequacy, and confidentiality concerns, which hinder the broader integration of segmentation methods into clinical practice. Solutions to overcome these challenges are proposed, including the promotion of partnerships to develop and distribute extensive datasets for BC segmentation. This approach would necessitate the pooling of resources from multiple organizations and the adoption of anonymization techniques to safeguard data privacy. Through this lens, the analysis aims to provide a thorough analysis of the practical implications of segmentation methods in BC diagnosis and management, paving the way for future advancements in the field.

Skin cancer, a significant health concern globally, necessitates innovative strategies for its early detection and classification. In this context, a novel methodology employing the state-of-the-art EfficientNetB0 deep learning architecture has been developed, aiming to augment the accuracy and efficiency of skin cancer diagnoses. This approach focuses on automating the classification of skin lesions, addressing the challenges posed by their complex structures and the subjective nature of conventional diagnostic methods. Through the adoption of advanced training techniques, including adaptive learning rates and Rectified Adam (RAdam) optimization, a robust model for skin cancer classification has been constructed. The findings underscore the model's capability to achieve convergence during training, illustrating its potential to transform dermatological diagnostics significantly. This research contributes to the broader fields of medical imaging and artificial intelligence (AI), underscoring the efficacy of deep learning in enhancing diagnostic processes. Future endeavors will explore the realms of explainable AI (XAI), collaboration with medical professionals, and adaptation of the model for telemedicine, ensuring its continued relevance and applicability in the dynamic landscape of skin cancer diagnosis.

In the realm of digital image security, this study presents an innovative encryption methodology for color images, significantly advancing the traditional Vigenere cipher through the integration of two extensive pseudorandom substitution matrices. These matrices are derived from chaotic maps widely recognized for their cryptographic utility, specifically the logistic map and the skew tent map, chosen for their straightforward implementation capabilities in encryption systems and their high sensitivity to initial conditions. The process commences with the vectorization of the original image and the computation of initial values to alter the starting pixel's value, thereby initiating the encryption sequence. A novel aspect of this method is the introduction of a Vigenere mechanism that employs dynamic pseudorandom affine functions at the pixel level, enhancing the cipher's robustness. Subsequently, a comprehensive permutation strategy is applied to bolster the vector's integrity and elevate the temporal complexity against potential cryptographic attacks. Through simulations conducted on a varied collection of images, encompassing different sizes and formats, the proposed encryption technique demonstrates formidable resilience against both brute-force and differential statistical attacks, thereby affirming its efficacy and security in safeguarding digital imagery.

In the realm of facial expression recognition (FER), the identification and classification of seven universal emotional states, surprise, disgust, fear, happiness, neutrality, anger, and contempt, are of paramount importance. This research focuses on the application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for the extraction and categorization of these expressions. Over the past decade, CNNs have emerged as a significant area of research in human-computer interaction, surpassing previous methodologies with their superior feature learning capabilities. While current models demonstrate exceptional accuracy in recognizing facial expressions within controlled laboratory datasets, their performance significantly diminishes when applied to real-time, uncontrolled datasets. Challenges such as degraded image quality, occlusions, variable lighting, and alterations in head pose are commonly encountered in images sourced from unstructured environments like the internet. This study aims to enhance the recognition accuracy of FER by employing deep learning techniques to process images captured in real-time, particularly those of lower resolution. The objective is to augment the accuracy of FER in real-world datasets, which are inherently more complex and collected under less controlled conditions, compared to laboratory-collected data. The effectiveness of a deep learning-based approach to emotion detection in photographs is rigorously evaluated in this work. The proposed method is exhaustively compared with manual techniques and other existing approaches to assess its efficacy. This comparison forms the foundation for a subjective evaluation methodology, focusing on validation and end-user satisfaction. The findings conclusively demonstrate the method's proficiency in accurately recognizing emotions in both laboratory and real-world scenarios, thereby underscoring the potential of deep learning in the domain of facial emotion identification.

The development of an adaptive Lane Keeping Assistance System (LKAS) is presented, focusing on enhancing vehicular lateral stability and alleviating driver workload. Traditional LKAS with static parameters struggle to accommodate varying driver behaviors. Addressing this challenge, the proposed system integrates adaptive driver characteristics, aligning with individual driving habits and intentions. A novel lane departure decision model is introduced, employing time-space domain fusion to effectively discern driver's lane change intentions, thus informing system decisions. Further innovation is realized through the application of reinforcement learning theory, culminating in the creation of a master controller for lane departure intervention. This controller dynamically adjusts to driver behavior, optimizing lane keeping accuracy. Extensive simulations, coupled with hardware-in-the-loop experiments using a driving simulator, substantiate the system's efficacy, demonstrating marked improvements in lane keeping precision. These advancements position the system as a significant contribution to the field of driver assistance technologies.

In this study, an integrated pest and disease recognition system for agricultural drones has been developed, leveraging deep learning technologies to significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of pest and disease detection in agricultural settings. By employing convolutional neural networks (CNN) in conjunction with high-definition image acquisition and wireless data transmission, the system demonstrates proficiency in the effective identification and classification of various agricultural pests and diseases. Methodologically, a deep learning framework has been innovatively applied, incorporating critical modules such as image acquisition, data transmission, and pest and disease identification. This comprehensive approach facilitates rapid and precise classification of agricultural pests and diseases, while catering to the needs of remote operation and real-time data processing, thus ensuring both system efficiency and data security. Comparative analyses reveal that this system offers a notable enhancement in both accuracy and response time for pest and disease recognition, surpassing traditional detection methods and optimizing the management of agricultural pests and diseases. The significant contribution of this research is the successful integration of deep learning into the domain of agricultural pest and disease detection, marking a new era in smart agriculture technology. The findings of this study bear substantial theoretical and practical implications, advancing precision agriculture practices and contributing to the sustainability and efficiency of agricultural production.

In the domain of intellectual property protection, the embedding of digital watermarks has emerged as a pivotal technique for the assertion of copyright, the conveyance of confidential messages, and the endorsement of authenticity within digital media. This research delineates the implementation of a non-blind watermarking algorithm, utilizing alpha blending facilitated by discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to embed watermarks into genuine images. Thereafter, an extraction process, constituting the inverse of embedding, retrieves these watermarks. The robustness of the embedded watermark against prevalent manipulative attacks, specifically median filter, salt and pepper (SAP) noise, Gaussian noise, speckle noise, and rotation, is rigorously evaluated. The performance of the DWT-based watermarking is quantified using the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), an objective metric reflecting fidelity. It is ascertained that the watermark remains tenaciously intact under such adversarial conditions, underscoring the proposed method's suitability for applications in digital image security and copyright verification.

This investigation delineates an optimised predictive model for employee attrition within a substantial workforce, identifying pertinent models tailored to the specific context of employee and organisational variables. The selection and refinement of the appropriate predictive model serve as cornerstones for enhancements and updates, which are integral to honing the model's precision in prognosticating potential departures. Through meticulous optimisation, the model demonstrates proficiency in pinpointing the pivotal factors contributing to employee turnover and elucidating the interdependencies among salient variables. A suite of 27 general and eight critical variables were scrutinised. Pertinent correlations were unearthed, notably between monthly income and job satisfaction, home-to-work distance and job satisfaction, as well as age with both job satisfaction and performance metrics. Drawing from prior studies in analogous domains, a three-stage analytical methodology encompassing data exploration, model selection, and implementation was employed. The rigorous training of the optimised model encompassed both attrition factors and variable correlations, culminating in predictive outcomes with a precision of 90% and an accuracy of 87%. Implementing the refined model projected that 113 out of 709 employees, equating to 15.93%, were at a heightened risk of exiting the organisation. This quantitative foresight equips stakeholders with a strategic tool for preemptive interventions to mitigate turnover and sustain organisational vitality.