This systematic review seeks to synthesize the existing literature on the integration of blockchain technology into sustainable finance, with a particular focus on its role in enhancing transparency and accountability. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the PRISMA methodology, incorporating a meta-analysis of scholarly articles published between 2018 and 2023. The analysis was based on data extracted from databases such as Springer Link, Dimensions, and Google Scholar, using the search terms "blockchain," "sustainable," "finance," "transparency," and "accountability." Open-access articles from reputable, peer-reviewed journals were selected to ensure the reliability of the data. Research questions were framed following the PICo method, addressing the specific impacts of blockchain technology on sustainable finance systems. The review highlights that blockchain has the potential to significantly enhance transparency and accountability in sustainable finance by providing robust mechanisms for transaction traceability and verification. Notably, blockchain technology has been applied to improve carbon market management, facilitate green bond issuance, and support the disclosure of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) data. Despite these promising applications, several challenges remain, including regulatory uncertainties, technological limitations, and integration complexities, which could hinder its widespread adoption. To facilitate the global integration of blockchain in sustainable finance, it is recommended that financial institutions invest in technological infrastructure and training. Furthermore, policymakers should work towards harmonizing regulatory frameworks, while researchers are urged to pursue interdisciplinary, empirical studies to address the potential and limitations of blockchain technology. A shift in academic curricula to include blockchain’s implications in finance and sustainability is also recommended to better prepare future professionals. In conclusion, while blockchain holds significant promise for improving transparency and accountability, its broader adoption will require addressing technological, regulatory, and socio-economic barriers.