A two-month prospective study conducted at Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC) Peshawar, Pakistan. In this study the pharmacotherapy patterns and drug-drug interaction (DDI) incidences were analyzed among 150 diabetic patients, of whom 50 presented with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Significant deviations from World Health Organization (WHO) core prescribing indicators were observed, particularly in the areas of polypharmacy and generic prescribing practices. The majority of DFU patients were from urban regions, with sedentary lifestyle factors identified as prominent contributors to DFU development. A higher incidence of DFU was noted among male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to female patients. Age distribution analysis revealed that patient ages ranged from 8 to 85 years, with 68% falling within the 41-60 age bracket, while only 2% were under 20 years of age. Among the all 391 pharmacotherapeutic agents prescribed, injectable medications constituted the majority (47.82%). Analysis of DDIs showed that 39.1% of prescribed medications were associated with drug interactions, with 72% of these classified as major interactions. The most frequently observed major DDIs involved combinations such as aspirin with Ramipril and Pregabalin with Losartan. These findings highlight the necessity for clinical pharmacists to review prescribing regimens to mitigate the risk of severe DDIs. The high prevalence of diabetes and DFU in this patient cohort is closely associated with lifestyle factors, insufficient health education, and lack of physical activity. These findings underline the urgent need for preventative strategies, including lifestyle modifications and public health education. Further investigation is recommended to enhance understanding of DFU risk factors and to develop improved prognostic and preventive frameworks.

Electromyographic (EMG) analysis was conducted to evaluate the functional characteristics of masticatory muscles in patients with myogenous temporomandibular disorders (TMD), aiming to enhance the clinical understanding of muscle activity in these conditions. Based on the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD), 28 patients with myogenous TMD, characterized by persistent pain exceeding six months, were examined alongside a control group of 35 asymptomatic subjects. EMG assessments were performed on the masseter, temporalis, and suprahyoid muscles during resting states and maximum intercuspation clench. Quantitative parameters, including myoelectric indices in the amplitude domain and mean power frequency (MPF) in the frequency domain, were evaluated. Significant differences in muscle activity patterns between the TMD and control groups were observed. During maximum clenching, temporalis muscles (TA) in TMD patients exhibited a markedly higher asymmetry index and activity index, alongside a lower MPF, compared to the control group. Conversely, the MPF of the suprahyoid muscles was elevated, while masseter muscles (MM) displayed a reduction in MPF. In the resting state, the MPF of the TA was found to be higher than that of both the control group and the MM. These findings indicate that patients with myogenous TMD exhibit increased muscle activity asymmetry, reduced coordination, and altered frequency-domain characteristics of the masticatory muscles. The results suggest that the TA may play a more significant role in the compensatory mechanisms associated with myogenous TMD, potentially contributing to the observed dysfunction and pain. This study underscores the utility of EMG as a diagnostic tool for elucidating the pathophysiological changes in masticatory muscle function in TMD and highlights the potential for targeted therapeutic interventions based on these findings.