As global focus on climate change intensifies, carbon credits have become an important tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Africa, with its abundant natural resources and potential for sustainable development, is well-positioned to capitalize on this growing market. This article explores how Africa can enhance its participation in the carbon credit market, transforming environmental initiatives into economic opportunities by addressing key implementation challenges. By utilizing the Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method within an interval-valued spherical fuzzy (IVSF) framework, the study supports collective decision-making. It identifies three crucial factors: access to financing issue, the absence of clear policies and legal frameworks, and the lack of capacity and expertise within governments, businesses, and communities. The research provides practical recommendations for governments aiming to effectively implement the carbon credit concept.
This paper investigates the search for an exact analytic solution to a temporal first-order differential equation that represents the number of customers in a non-stationary or time-varying $M / D / 1$ queueing system. Currently, the only known solution to this problem is through simulation. However, a study proposes a constant ratio, $\beta$ (Ismail's ratio), that relates the time-dependent mean arrival and mean service rates, offering an exact analytical solution. The stability dynamics of the time-varying $M / D / 1$ queueing system are then examined numerically in relation to time, $\beta$, and the queueing parameters. On another note, many potential queueing-theoretic applications to traffic management optimization are provided. The paper concludes with a summary, combined with open problems and future research pathways.
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